A flat washer, also known as a plain washer or fender washer, is a simple, thin, circular metal component with a hole in the center. Common standards are DIN127 DIN9021, GB848 GB96... Flat washers are typically made from materials like steel, stainless steel, brass, or aluminum, depending on the application requirements. They may also come in various finishes, such as plain, zinc-plated, or passivated, to enhance corrosion resistance and aesthetics. Flat washers are commonly used in a wide range of applications, including construction, automotive repair, machinery assembly, furniture making, and many other fields where fasteners are employed.